Common complications of thyroid disorders

Lack of or ineffective treatment of thyroid disorders can lead to the following potential complications:

Hyperthyroidism complications

• Heart problems (atrial fibrillation, rapid heart rate or congestive heart failure),
• Osteoporosis
• Graves' ophthalmopathy (bulging, red and swollen eyes and vision problems)
• Graves' dermopathy (red and swollen skin)
• Thyrotoxic crisis (sudden intensification of symptoms which can be life-threatening).

Hypothyroidism complications

• Large goitres (thyroid enlargements)
• Depression
• Increased risk of heart disease
• High cholesterol
• Problems with ovulation (leading to fertility issues)
• Birth defects (intellectual and physical developmental problems)
• Damage to the peripheral nerves (information carriers between the brain, spinal cord and the remainder of the body)
• Enlarged heart
• Heart failure
• Myxedema (a rare, but potentially life-threatening condition) 

Large goitres or thyroid nodules complications

• Breathing and swallowing difficulties
• Cough
• Hoarseness
• Fatigue
• Weight gain or weight loss
• Sleeping problems (including insomnia)
• Issues with mood (i.e. irritability)
• Thyroid cancer (malignancy)
• Risk is increased for the development of an overactive or underactive thyroid as well (if symptoms of either are not yet present).